Anesthetic

Anesthetic. It constitutes a pharmacological group used to depress the central nervous system in a way that allows harmful or unpleasant procedures to be carried out, or to prevent/relieve pain by blocking nerve conduction when injected locally into the nervous tissue .

Summary

[ disguise ]

• Introduction
• 2 Classes
  • 1 General anesthetics
  • 2 Local anesthetics
    • 2.1 Amides
    • 2.2 Esters
  • 3 Adjuvants to anesthesia, preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures
  • 4 Sources

Introduction

The degree to which any inhibitory anesthetic can exert its effects varies depending on the substance, dose and clinical circumstances. The anesthetic technique varies, depending on the proposed intervention, whether diagnostic, therapeutic or surgical. For minor procedures, conscious sedation is used, where Sedatives applied orally or Parenterally are used along with local Anesthetics . These techniques provide deep analgesia , maintaining the patient’s ability to have a patent airway and respond to verbal commands. For more extensive surgical procedures, anesthesia includes preoperative medication, induction with intravenous general anesthetics and maintenance of anesthesia with combinations of inhaled or intravenous anesthetics , often neuromuscular blockers are also used .

Classes

Anesthetics can be divided into: Local anesthetics and General anesthetics .

General anesthetics

They constitute a pharmacological group used to depress the central nervous system, so that they allow surgical procedures or other harmful or unpleasant procedures to be carried out. These can preferably be administered intravenously or inhalationally. The physiological state of general anesthesia usually includes Analgesia , Amnesia , loss of consciousness, inhibition of sensory and autonomic reflexes and relaxation of skeletal muscles . General anesthetics produce varying degrees of analgesia , depression of consciousness, relaxation of skeletal muscle and reduction of reflex activity.

They are powerful, intravenously they can be administered as single agents to produce anesthesia in long-term surgical procedures, but they are frequently used only in induction; due to their side effects, the means for adequate resuscitation must be available. Volatile anesthetics ( Halothane , Nitrous oxide ), etc. They should be administered in induction when intravenous agents are contraindicated and when intubation is difficult to manage, as well as in the maintenance of anesthesia. The risk of its use requires strict control, its main interactions must be known, and when to advise the patient to discontinue usual medications. They belong to this group:

• Fentanyl
• Halothane
• Fluotane
• Isoflurane
• Ketamine
• Nitrous oxide
• Propofol
• Sodium Thiopental

Local anesthetics

They prevent or relieve Pain by blocking nerve conduction when injected locally into the nervous tissue by fixing on specific receptors, preventing the entry of Sodium into the nerve fiber and can be divided into two groups; Amides and Esters , which depends on the type of chemical bond that the molecule has.

They are local anesthetics :

• Bupivacaine hydrochloride
• Mepivacaine hydrochloride
• Procaine hydrochloride
• Tetracaine
• Lidocaine hydrochloride (2% bulb, with preservative, x 5 and 20 milliliters)
• 2% Lidocaine
• Hyperbaric Lidocaine Lidocaine 2%+Epinephrine
• Lidocaine (Jelly 2% x 25 grams)
• Lidocaine spray 10%
• Lidocaine (2% bulb, without preservative, x 2 milliliters)

Amides

Local anesthetics derived from the amide group are :

• Bupivacaine
• Dibucaine
• Etidocaine
• Lidocaine
• Mepivacaine
• Prilocaine

Esters

They are used in obstetric and dental procedures , brief and superficial interventions. Additionally, it provides regional anesthesia, including spinal , caudal, and epidural anesthesia . Local anesthetics derived from esters are :

• Chloroprocaine
• Piperocaine
• Procaine
• Tetracaine

Adjuvants to anesthesia, preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures

• Atropine sulfate
• Diazepam
• Fentanyl
• Nalbuphine
• Pancuronium bromide
• Succinylcholine chloride